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Showing posts with label Electrical Engineering. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Electrical Engineering. Show all posts

Polyfuse

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Abstract :
Polyfuses is a new standard for circuit protection .It is re-settable by itself. Many manufactures also call it as Polyswitch or Multifuse. Polyfuses are not fuses but Polymeric Positive temperature Coefficient Thermistors (PPTC).

We can use several circuit protection schemes in power supplies to provide protection against fault condition and the resultant over current and over temperature damage. Current can be accomplished by using resistors, fuses, switches, circuit breakers or positive temperature coefficient devices.
Resistors are rarely an acceptable solution because the high power resistors required are expensive .One shot fuses can be used but they might fatigue and they must be replaced after a fault event. Another good solution available is the resettable Ceramic Positive Temperature Coefficient (CPTC) device. This technology is not widely used because of its high resistance and power dissipation characteristics. These devices are also relatively large and vulnerable to cracking as result of shock and vibration.

Poka Yoke

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Abstract :
Poka-yoke is a quality assurance technique developed by Japanese manufacturing engineer Shigeo Shingo. The aim of poka-yoke is to eliminate defects in a product by preventing or correcting mistakes as early as possible. Poka-yoke has been used most frequently in manufacturing environments.

Hewlett Packard currently develops its Common Desktop Environment software to run in twelve locales or languages. Traditional testing of this localized software is technically difficult and
time-consuming. By introducing poka-yoke (mistake-proofing) into our software process, we have been able to prevent literally hundreds of software localization defects from reaching our customers.
This paper describes the poka-yoke quality approach in general, as well as our particular use of the technique in our localization efforts. Poka-yoke is providing a simple, robust and painless way for us to detect defects early in our localization efforts.


What is Poka-yoke?
Poka-yoke is a Japanese term that means "mistake-proofing". A poka-yoke is any mechanism in a lean manufacturing process that helps an equipment operator avoid (yokeru) mistakes (poka).
Its purpose is to eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur.[1] The concept was formalised, and the term adopted, by Shigeo Shingo as part of the Toyota Production System. It was originally described as baka-yoke, but as this means "fool-proofing" (or "idiot-proofing") the name was changed to the milder poka-yoke.

Categories of poka-yoke devices
Poka-yoke devices fall into two major categories: prevention and detection.

A prevention device engineers the process so that it is impossible to make a mistake at all. A classic example of a prevention device is the design of a 3.5 inch computer diskette.The diskette is carefully engineered to be slightly asymmetrical so that it will not fit into the disk drive in any orientation other than the correct one. Prevention devices remove the need to correct a mistake, since the user cannot make the mistake in the first place.

A detection device signals the user when a mistake has been made, so that the user can quickly correct the problem. The small dish used at the Yamada Electric plant was a detection device; it alerted the worker when a spring had been forgotten. Detection devices typically warn the user of a problem, but they do not enforce the correction.

We are surrounded every day by both detection and prevention poka-yoke devices, though we may not usually think of them as such. My microwave will not work if the door is open (a prevention device). My car beeps if I leave the key in the ignition (a detection device). At few years ago, some cars were designed not to start until the passengers had buckled their seat belts (a prevention device); but this mechanism was too intrusive and was replaced by a warning beep (a detection device).

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Poka Yoke PPT
Poka Yoke Report

OLED Technology

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Abstract :
OLED’s are simple solid-state devices (more of an LED) comprised of very thin films of organic compounds in the electro-luminescent layer. These organic compounds have a special property of creating light when electricity is applied to it. The organic compounds are designed to be in between two electrodes. Out of these one of the electrodes should be transparent. The result is a very bright and crispy display with power consumption lesser than the usual LCD and LED.

Monorail System

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Abstract :
Salient features of Monorail system:
1. In Monorail System train runs on a narrow Guideway Beam, wheels of which are gripped laterally on either side of the beam.
2. Monorail is a Light Weight System and its cost of execution is less compared to heavy rail systems and it takes approximately 1.5 to 2 years for execution.
3. Mono rail System requires 1.00 m wide space (Column Size 0.8 m X 1.5 m) the space of a footpath or a divider and it rests on a single pillar of height 6.5 m
without disturbing the existing traffic.
4. Capacity of 4 cars Monorail System is 8000 to 12000 PHPD.
5. Monorail System can achieve ± 6 % gradient and turning radius upto 50 m.
6. As compared to other systems Monorail produces less noise and is eco-friendly
and hence easily acceptable in dense residential locale.
7. Monorail System is in use in Tokyo (Japan) from 1963, in Kuala-Lumpur
(Malaysia) for last 5 years and in china for last 3 years.
8. Monorail System is Safe and reliable system.

Low Costatic Autom

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Abstract :
Growing demand for the saving of electricity.
Failure in power supply causes difficulty and inconvenience.
An automatic emergency lamp that uses LED .
Highly bright due to use of white LEDs.
Turns on when mains supply fails ,turns off when power resumes.
Has own battery charger –stops charging automatically when fully charged.
This project aims to develop most power efficient and user friendly product.

Light Tree

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Abstract :
The concept of light tree is introduced in a wavelength routed optical network, which employs wavelength -division multiplexing (WDM). Depending on the underlying physical topology networks can be classified into three generations:

First Generation: these networks do not employ fiber optic technology;
instead they employ copper-based or microwave technology. E.g. Ethernet.
Second Generation: these networks use optical fibers for data transmission but switching is performed in electronic domain. E.g. FDDI.
Third Generation: in these networks both data transmission and switching is performed in optical domain. E.g. WDM.

Automatic Sun Tracking System

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Abstract :
In remote areas the sun is a cheap source of electricity because instead of hydraulic generators it uses solar cells to produce electricity. While the output of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunlight and the angle of incidence. It means to get maximum efficiency; the solar panels1 must remain in front of sun during the whole day. But due to rotation of earth those panels can’t maintain their position always in front of sun. This problem results in decrease of their efficiency. Thus to get a constant output, an automated system is required which should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel. 

Geothermal Energy

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Abstract:
Geothermal energy is the earth’s natural heat available inside the earth. This thermal energy contained in the rock and fluid that filled up fractures and pores in the earth’s crust can profitably be used for various purposes. Heat from the Earth, or geothermal — Geo (Earth) + thermal (heat) energy can be and is accessed by drilling water or steam wells in a process similar to drilling for oil. Geothermal  energy  is  an  enormous,  underused  heat  and  power  resource  that is clean (emits little or no  greenhouse gases), reliable (average system availability of 95%), and homegrown (making us less dependent on foreign oil).



Geothermal resources range from shallow ground to hot water and rock several miles below the Earth's surface, and even farther down to the extremely hot molten rock called magma. Mile-or- more-deep wells can be drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that can be brought to the surface for use in a variety of applications.

Costs for geothermal electricity generation are 4.5-7 cents per kilowatt-hour. This is competitive with some fossil fuel facilities, but one must keep in mind the drastic reduction of pollution.

Delivered costs depend on ownership arrangements, financing, transmission, the quality of the resource, and the size of the project.Geothermal plants are relatively capital-intensive, with low variable costs and no fuel costs.

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