Abstract :
The continuously
advancing technology of portable electronic devices requires more flexible batteries
to power them. Batteries power a wide range of electronic devices including phones,
laptop computers and medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators.
With the ever increasing demand for efficiency and design, there is a need for ultrathin,
safe and flexible energy storage options. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-
thin energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with
a conventional sheet of cellulose based paper. A paper battery acts as both a high
energy battery and supercapacitor, combining two components that are separate in
tradit ional electronics.
This combination
allows the battery to provide long term, steady power production and bursts of energy.
Through the use of super capacitors, batteries can be made that will deliver renewable
energy from bodily fluids such as blood or sweat. This technology can be greatly
utilized by medical devices. It combines two essential materials, cellulose and
carbon nanotubes (CNTs), that fit the characteristics of spacer and electrode and
provide inherent flexibility as well as porosity to the system. Cellulose, the main
constituent of paper and an inexpensive insulating separator structure with excellent
biocompatibility, can be made with adjustable porosity. CNTs, a structure with extreme
flexibility, have already been widely used as electrodes in electrochemical devices.
By proper integration
the output power of paper batteries can be adapted to required level of voltage–current.
This cellulose based spacer is compatible with many possible electrolytes. Researchers
used ionic liquid, essentially a liquid salt, as the battery’s electrolyte, as
well as naturally occurring electrolytes such as human sweat, blood and urine.
Due to the flexible
nature of the cellulose and nanotubes, this power source can be easily modified
or placed in the body or various medical devices. The need for surgery to replace
batteries on internal medical devices would be nonexistent. This is because super
capacitor does not show a loss in power dissipation over time like normal chemical
batteries do. Patients with implanted medical devices will also benefit from the
flexibility because previous devices may cause discomfort for person due to a larger
solid power source.
As this technology
is adapted it will prove to be extremely useful and could even save not only cost
but lives also.
What is Battery
Battery or voltaic
cell is a combination of many electrochemical Galvanic cells of identical type to
store chemical energy and to deliver higher voltage or higher current than with
single cells.
The battery
cells create a voltage difference between the terminals of each cell and hence
to its combination in battery. When an external electrical circuit is connected
to the battery, then the battery drives electrons through the circuit and electrical
work is done. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro
Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial
applications, and is now a multi-billion dollar industry.
Definition
of Paper battery
A paper battery
is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage and production device formed by combining
carbon nanotube s with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery
acts as both a high-energy battery and supercapacitor , combining two components
that are separate in traditional electronics . This combination allows the battery
to provide both long- term, steady power production and bursts of energy. Non-toxic,
flexible paper batteries have the potential to power the next generation of electronics,
medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new designs and medical
technologies.
Paper batteries
may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss
of integrity or efficiency . Cutting one in half halves its energy production. Stacking
them multiplies power output. Early prototypes of the device are able to produce
2.5 volt s of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp
APPLICATIONS
With the developing
technologies and reducing cost of CNTs, the paper batteries will find applications
in
the following
fields:
In Electronics:
• in laptop batteries, mobile phones, handheld
digital cameras: The weight of these devices can be significantly reduced by replacing
the alkaline batteries with light-weight Paper Batteries, without compromising with
the power requirement. Moreover, the electrical hazards related to recharging will be greatly reduced.
• in calculators,
wrist watch and other low drain devices.
• in wireless communication devices like speakers,
mouse, keyboard ,Bluetooth headsets etc.
• in Enhanced
Printed Circuit Board(PCB) wherein both the sides of the PCB can be used:
one for the
circuit and the other side (containing the components )would contain a layer of customized
Paper Battery. This would eliminate heavy step-downtransformers and the need of
separate power supply unit for most electronic circuits.
In Medical Sciences:
• in Pacemakers
for the heart
• in Artificial
tissues (using Carbon nanotubes)
• in Cosmetics,
Drug-delivery systems
• in Biosensors,
such as Glucose meters,Sugar meters, etc.
In Automobiles
and Aircrafts:
• in Hybrid
Car batteries
• in Long
Air Flights reducing Refueling
• for Light
weight guided missiles
• for powering
electronic devices in Satellite programs
Use of paper
battery
• While a conventional battery contains a number
of separate components, the paper battery integrates all of the battery components
in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.
• A paper battery is a battery engineered to
use a paper-thin sheet of cellulose infused with aligned carbon nanotubes. nanotubes
act as electrodes; allowing the storage devices to
conduct electricity.
• Functions
as both a lithium-ion battery and a super capacitor, can provide a long, steady
power output
comparable to a conventional battery, as well as a supercapacitor's quick burst
of high energy.
• Integrates all of the battery components
in a single structure, making it more energy efficient.
• Paper battery extreme flexibility; the sheets
can be rolled, twisted, folded, or cut into numerous shapes with no loss of integrity
or efficiency, or stacked, like printer paper (or
a Voltaic pile),
to boost total output.
• Can be
made in a variety of sizes, from postage stamp to broadsheet.
• The paper-like quality of the battery combined
with the structure of the nanotubes embedded within gives them their light weight
and low cost, making them attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles,
and toys .
• Ability
to use electrolytes in blood make them potentially useful for medical devices such as pacemakers
& do not contain any toxic materials and can be biodegradable; a major drawback
of chemical cells .
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